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A revised draft law on trafficking in persons proposes the creation of a fund to compensate victims of this crime in Mozambique, in line with the spirit of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol which stipulates procedures to ensure that victims have access to compensation.

Mozambique is just the latest country seeking to adopt this specification into national legislation. With a population of about 30 million, Mozambique is a country of origin, transit and destination for victims of human trafficking, who are often part of wider mixed migration flows. Tete province, for example, located on the border with Malawi, is a key transit area of the “Southern Route” used by irregular migrants from the Horn of Africa and beyond, trying to reach South Africa. This route is believed to be targeted by human traffickers seeking to recruit or transfer victims of different nationalities.

Mozambican victims, on the other hand, are often detected in Eswatini with which the country shares a 430km border.The desire for people for a better life and more financial stability often makes people prey to manipulation by traffickers. “People in Mozambique believe that South Africa is the Eldorado,” said Ms. Amabelia Chuquela, Assistant Attorney-General in Mozambique and coordinator of the National Reference Group on Trafficking in Persons.

The proposed compensation mechanism for victims of trafficking is, according to Ms. Chuquela, an innovation drawn from the experiences of other countries, including Egypt, that provide an emolument to enable victims to re-establish their lives.

This is supported by Article 6, paragraph 6 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol which obligates state parties to ensure that domestic legal systems include provisions that offer victims of trafficking the possibility of obtaining compensation for damages suffered.

Compensation can be in the form of restitution provisions in criminal law, victim compensation funds supported by the state or civil remedies enabling victims to initiate legal action against an offender in order to obtain damages as a result of the harm suffered.

“It is important that states put in place ways that enable victims to be compensated for the grave harms they have suffered and the lost opportunities as a result of their ordeal,” commented Ms. Zoi Sakelliadou, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer at UNODC. “It is now imperative to ensure that victims have effective access to remedies such as compensation funds.”

Among the major advocates for compensation is the UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons. However, Ms Sakellioadou said just as important is “making compensation accessible and meaningful.”

Thankfully, civil society groups across the world are stepping forward to support victims of trafficking to access compensation and research into the issue of remedies is growing, she said.

In Mozambique the proposal gained ground, thanks to a case that placed human trafficking high up the Government’s agenda, leading to a review of the 2008 trafficking in persons legislation.

The case involved the trafficking for sexual exploitation of three Mozambican women, who were promised the opportunity to study and to work in a hair salon in South Africa. Eventually, cooperation between the authorities in Mozambique and South Africa led to the perpetrators being convicted of trafficking for practices similar to slavery and forced labour.

With support from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Mozambique had ratified both the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Migrant Smuggling Protocol in September 2006.

Despite this major achievement, Ms. Chuquela emphasized the complexity inherent in identifying the crime of trafficking in persons as well its victims. “Every day the perpetrators change their modus operandi,” she said.

However, Mozambique’s internal dynamics also play a role. For example, instability to the north of the country has led to claims of citizens being coerced to join terrorist groups. Traffickers are also alleged to have targeted internally displaced persons. In the same region, a link is often made between trafficking and the removal of organs.

In addition, recent cyclones on the Mozambique coast displaced thousands, rendering them vulnerable to exploitation. This is compounded by a lack of adequate resource for the fight against trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling by criminal justice institutions.

But UNODC has been on hand to assist the Government, including by supporting legislative reforms as well as providing capacity building, along with data collection and analysis.

In parallel, UNODC has supported cooperation between Mozambique and Eswatini. “Due to regular bilateral meetings, cooperation in cross-border anti-trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants initiatives are at an advanced stage,” said Ms. Jeptum Bargoria, UNODC’s coordinator of the EU-funded Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) project.

Story by Wilson Johwa, UNODC Southern Africa

Justice Fiona Mwale

It was a victory for law enforcement against a crime that had originated in cyberspace. The accused, ML, had been using Facebook over a period of four years to lure and groom young girls by promising modelling jobs and money.

He requested them to send him nude pictures and, once received, blackmailed the victims by threatening to expose their identities if they refused to engage in sexual acts with him and the co-accused. In some instances, these acts were filmed.

The accused was eventually sentenced to 25 years’ imprisonment for his guilty plea on 26 counts of, inter alia: sexual assault; extortion; possession of indecent photographs; possession of prohibited visual recordings; and recruiting, harbouring, transferring, and receiving a child while knowingly or recklessly disregarding that the person is a child for the purpose of exploitation.

This case (R v ML & Ors Cr S 63/19) occurred in Seychelles and is featured in a Regional Case Digest launched in 2022 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)’s Southern Africa office. The digest is meant to assist judicial officers to improve the identification of and conviction for the crime of trafficking in persons.

Explaining the significance of the Seychelles case was Justice Fiona Mwale, an experienced judge from Malawi who was commissioned by UNODC to lead a seminar meant to increase the knowledge of judicial officers in identifying and prosecuting the crimes of trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling.

Justice Mwale said the case in Seychelles illustrated that nothing has complicated the fight against human trafficking like the onset of cyberspace. “All you need to commit cybercrime is an IP address,” Justice Mwale noted.

She explained that cybercrime can be cyber-dependent or cyber-enabled. The former can only be enacted using computers, computer networks or other forms of information and communications technology (ICT), such as the creation and spread of malware and hacking to steal sensitive personal or industrial data.

On the other hand, cyber-enabled crimes are traditional crimes that can be increased in their scale or reach using computers, computer networks or other forms of ICT. Unlike cyber-dependent crimes, they can be committed without the use of ICT. Thus, in many instances, a simple cellphone can be used. Even inmates with access to cellphones in prisons have been found to run phishing scams.

However, identifying, investigating, and convicting criminals operating in cyberspace and on digital networks is complex.

According to Justice Mwale, this is because law enforcement authorities cannot easily access and secure evidence – or secure cooperation across borders – in instances where the perpetrator and the victim are in different places.

More significantly, to effectively deal with human trafficking perpetuated through cybercrime – such as the case listed above in Seychelles – there is a need for a certain level of digital expertise, which law enforcement officials do not always have.

The seminar represents just one instance in which UNODC’s Regional Case Digest can help illustrate criminal methodology, helping prosecutors and judicial officers to identify and convict criminals. The digest provides references to challenges specific to Southern Africa, including child trafficking, sexual exploitation, and the significance of customary practices.

The Regional Case Digest was developed in both digital and hard copy versions in the official languages of the Southern Africa region: English, French and Portuguese. Funding for the digest was provided by the European Union through the Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) project.

• Story by Wilson Johwa, UNODC Southern Africa

Readers Digest. Available in three languages

Pretoria – South Africa is a preferred country of destination for many types of migrants, including unaccompanied children and smuggled migrants. The crime of trafficking in persons is also an issue of concern, with women and children being major victims.

However, like everywhere in the world, human trafficking is characterized by a very low rate of prosecution. While it has always been hard to detect such cases, the onset of the internet and advances in technology have made it even harder to catch those involved. Traffickers use the cover of the web to recruit their victims, to advertise their services and to move the proceeds of their crimes.

On the bright side, the average conviction rate globally has tripled since 2003 when the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force. But this is off a very low base. Thus, human trafficking is hardly in decline.

In 2018 about 50,000 victims of human trafficking were detected and reported by 148 countries, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Even then, the actual number of victims could be higher.

Suspected cases in South Africa are more likely to be in private conversations and on social media than in the courts. This points to the need for improvements in both law enforcement and prosecution, according to the country’s Deputy Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, John Jeffery, expressing what holds true across the world.

This view is also shared by Vincent Ratshibvuma, a judge based in Mpumalanga, one of South Africa’s nine provinces, which borders Mozambique and Eswatini. “That is why I made a case for the NPA (the National Prosecuting Authority) to be trained in such cases since they are the ones who bring cases to court,” he said.

Mr Jeffery and Judge Ratshibvuma were speaking at a colloquium of judicial officers jointly organized by UNODC and the South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI). The gathering was meant to familiarize magistrates with the intricacies of trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling.

Mr Jeffery described trafficking in persons as a crime that does not stop at national borders and “that’s why cooperation is important.”

Justice Ratshibvuma noted that all of South Africa’s neighbours had signed the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. The treaty provides for countries to receive practical assistance to draft national anti-trafficking in persons legislation, in addition to creating related strategies and assisting victims. “Unless you have the cooperation of your neighbours fighting trafficking in persons is not going to work,” said Justice Ratshibvuma.

UNODC Southern Africa Regional Representative Jane Marie Ongolo said the organization is involved in the compilation of a Southern African Regional Case Digest to assist with the prosecution of cases. “We realized that, sadly, the highest percentage of crimes in the region relate to trafficking for sexual exploitation, and mostly involve minors,” she said.

UNODC is also cooperating with the South African Police Service to roll out  trainings that will reach officers throughout the country. The aim is to close the identified gap in evidence gathering and follow-up.

Teresa Horne, a judicial trainer with SAJEI, elaborated on what she sees as the growing use of ordinary residences and hotels as brothels.

According to Dr Ongolo, Africans continue to move across the continent in search of economic opportunities, hence policymakers need to work at making migration safe, regular and a force that can be harnessed for development, both in the countries of origin and destination.

She said contrary to perceptions that many Africans are making their way to Europe, the vast majority of those thinking about migrating have no interest in leaving the continent and have no intention of moving permanently.

“An argument can be made that migration is etched in Africans’ DNA, that Africans have and will always move within and across the continent, and that they are not about to stop,” Dr Ongolo said.

About the Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) project

The judicial colloquium was organized under the SAMM project which is funded by the European Union and is a collaboration of four UN agencies: UNODC, ILO, IOM and UNHCR, under the one-UN model. The overall objective is to improve migration management in the Southern Africa and Indian Ocean region. https://www.sammproject.org/

Story by Wilson Johwa

The internet has revolutionised human trafficking. It has presented recruiters with more convenient ways to connect with targeted victims, usually with fake job offers, or to find buyers for their products, such as human kidneys, and even to livestream acts of exploitation, writes Jane Marie Ongolo

Key to any human trafficking operation is the recruiter, often occupying a position of authority in the community. They may be the leader of the trafficking ring but are often just someone credible, even with significant religious or political standing.

Consider the documented case of a teacher from Lesotho who persuaded students to look for women most likely to accept employment “abroad”.

Five young women were duly introduced to the teacher who deceitfully briefed them on the available work and where it was – an offer they readily accepted. However, upon getting to the destination, in South Africa, they were promptly sold into sexual exploitation.

In another documented case, the organizer, a Congolese woman, promised the relatives of five children that they would get better education in Zambia. When a deal was finalized, the woman arranged for transportation to enter Zambia irregularly. On arrival, she put the five children to work in her business, selling commodities and food.

Victims treated as commodities

The Southern Africa region is not free from human trafficking, a crime that entails the recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit. Traffickers of human beings treat their victims as commodities that can be used and sold for financial gain, without regard for human dignity and rights.

Essentially, traffickers can be divided into two broad categories: groups that can be defined as organized criminal groups and opportunistic traffickers operating alone or in cooperation with one or other traffickers. In the latter category are business owners, intimate partners and other family members.

Whatever the organizational structure, traffickers usually target the most marginalized and vulnerable such as those with mental disorders and undocumented migrants, along with those living in poverty, the unemployed as well as abandoned children and those in dysfunctional families. In the SADC region cases have been reported of people living with albinism being trafficked for their organs.

Trafficking can involve travelling to another country. However, most detected victims across the world are citizens of the countries where they are detected – but are usually subject to significant geographical movements often to unfamiliar parts of their region where a different language is spoken.

A more convenient way to target victims 

While the scenario of an influential community member doubling up as a recruiter is still a reality, the internet has revolutionized human trafficking. It has presented recruiters with more convenient ways to connect with targeted victims, usually with fake job offers, or to find buyers for their products, such as human kidneys, and even to livestream acts of exploitation.

Through the internet it is also possible to anonymously arrange logistics such as transport and accommodation for victims, in addition to moving and hiding proceeds of crime.

In the recruitment phase for human trafficking, two types of strategies can be identified. ‘Hunting’ is when traffickers proactively target specific victims or clients in order to gain access to victims and establish connections with potential buyers or exploitative services. ‘Fishing’ involves human traffickers posting adverts online and waiting for potential clients of victims to respond. They may include fake job adverts or the offer to buyers for certain services.

Thus, it is critical that guardians and educators teach children how to navigate the internet safely. Social media presently a significant danger, not least because it is now such an indispensable  part of life, with WhatsApp and Facebook, among the most popular.

It is concerning that a third of children who participated in a 2020 child survey (conducted by the Youth Research Unit at the Bureau of Market Research, Unisa and Unicef) had met someone face-to-face during the previous year whom they had first got to know on the internet. The last time they met the person face-to-face, they experienced feelings of happiness (58,8%) and excitement (43,7%).

Globally, 50% of detected human victims of human trafficking were for sexual exploitation and 38% for forced labour, while 6% were subjected to forced criminal activity and more than 1% to begging. Smaller numbers were trafficked for forced marriages, organ removals and other purposes.

Women and girls still the primary target

This is in contrast to the situation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region where the majority of detected victims of human trafficking are exploited for the purpose of forced labour. They are put out to work – such as selling goods in markets, begging and labouring on farms, quarries and in mines.

Victims of human trafficking are invariably kept against their will through fear of physical violence. In other instances victims are prevented from fleeing because they have been forcibly introduced to drugs, or have been deceived into believing that they owe the traffickers huge amounts of money for services provided, such as the provision of a false ID, transportation or housing.

Research by UNODC and others shows that globally the share of children among detected trafficking victims has tripled, while the share of boys has increased five times over the past 15 years. However, women and girls are still the primary target of trafficking globally, making up 46% and 19% of all victims of trafficking respectively.

“Loverboy” cases have also been reported in the SADC region. This is where male traffickers romance potential female victims for months and even years, building a relationship of trust, before trafficking them into sexual exploitation or forced labour.

In the SADC member states the number of trafficking cases recorded fell between 2017 and 2020, likely due to increased focus on the crime of human trafficking. More countries have developed specific laws prohibiting such crimes after ratifying the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (the Trafficking Protocol).

As of August 2020, 169 countries had enacted legislation that criminalizes trafficking in persons, in line with the protocol. Across the world the average conviction rate tripled since 2003 when the Protocol entered into force, although convictions have been lowest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Conviction rate has tripled 

Between 2017 and 2020, 484 cases of trafficking in persons were recorded in the SADC Regional Trafficking in Persons Database, set up in 2014 by member states, the SADC Secretariat and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

There were 212 cases from nine SADC member states in 2017 – 130 of them were registered in South Africa alone. In 2018, 151 cases were registered in 11 SADC countries, with the number falling to 55 cases from eight member states. The number of recorded cases rose again to 66 cases from eight member states in 2020.

Detection is particularly difficult and even where suspects have been identified building up a case for prosecution is a process fraught with technicalities. It doesn’t help that human trafficking is often conflated with people smuggling and irregular migration, leading to further complications.

Working with other UN agencies, development partners and member states, UNODC is supporting member states with training meant to boost detention and prosecution, along with assistance for victims. Just as important is awareness raising and ongoing data collection to support evidence-based programming.

In the words of one stakeholder, the human trafficking cases they encountered happened by coincidence and not because of targeted efforts. Hence the aim of support efforts underway is to ensure that detection and prosecution happen by design rather than by accident.

About the Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) project.

The SAMM project is funded by the European Union and is a collaboration between four UN agencies: ILO, IOM, UNODC and UNHCR, under the one-UN model. The overall objective is to improve migration management in the Southern Africa and Indian Ocean region. https://www.sammproject.org/

# Dr Ongolo is the Southern Africa Regional Resident Representative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

END.

A popular rural school in South Africa’s Limpopo province hosted this year’s main commemoration of World Day Against Trafficking in Persons jointly organized by the Department of Justice and Correctional Services, and the United National Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

Mphaphuli Secondary School, an iconic school in Thohoyandou, was established in the 1920s and has grown exponentially, largely due to the support given by the community. Among its former students is President Cyril Ramaphosa and renowned boxer Phillip N’dou.

In commemoration of World Day Against Trafficking in Persons, the school’s 1,500 learners interacted with dignitaries, including the Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, Mr Ronald Lamola, who commissioned a computer centre with 10 computers and furniture sourced through UNODC.

The event, held under the global theme of the day “use and abuse of technology”, was meant to emphasize that technology has become both an enabler of trafficking and also a possible tool to fight such crimes.

The crime of human trafficking has received a major boost since the onset of the internet. Since then, among traffickers’ most preferred ways of finding victims is posting fake job offers online, promising work opportunities, often in far off lands. Such recruitment and coercion often occur through targeting on social media.

Thus, the computers provided to Mphaphuli Secondary School were meant to support students to achieve computer literacy and also for them to learn how to safely navigate cyber space.

Mr Ronald Lamola said online connectivity was among the manifestation of globalization which presented both opportunities and dangers – including human trafficking. The internet, he emphasized, allowed people to interact easily and in real time, on social media such as WhatsApp.

Mr Lamola also said it was strategic that the commemoration was taking place at Mphaphuli Secondary School, situated not far from the country’s busiest land border crossing at Beitbridge, a factor that increased the risk of trafficking.

UNODC Regional Representative Ms Jane Marie Ongolo implored the learners to always navigate the internet safely, including refraining from accepting friend requests from strangers and not falling for offers that appear too good to be true.

Sarah Rammbuda, the mayor of Thulamela – a municipality in the area – said while learners were at risk of falling risk to trafficking and “as leaders we have a duty to guide them.”

Earlier in the day, both Mr Lamola and Dr Ongolo also spoke on the dangers of human trafficking in an interaction with students at the University of Venda (Univen), located a stone’s throw from Mphaphuli Secondary School. It was as a student at Univen that Mr Lamola served as president of the Student Representative Council and chairperson of the South African Students Congress in Limpopo.

Dr Ongolo said anyone can become a victim. “Traffickers are now using the internet to lure those they want to traffic. This place is not that far from the border, so we need to be careful about human trafficking.”

Turning to drug abuse, among UNODC’s areas of focus, Dr Ongolo urged the university to work at being the site of a proposed e-learning tool that would the community to learn about the dangers of drugs abuse. She said discussions were underway to explore other possible areas of cooperation between UNODC, Univen and departments under the Ministry of Justice.

About the Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) project

The commemoration of World Day Against Trafficking at Mphaphuli Secondary School was organized under the SAMM project which is funded by the European Union and is a collaboration between four UN agencies: UNODC, ILO, IOM and UNHCR, under the one-UN model. The overall objective is to improve migration management in the Southern Africa and Indian Ocean region. https://www.sammproject.org/

Story by Wilson Johwa

The Southern Africa Migration Management Project (SAMM) is offering scholarships to obtain a Diploma for Labour Migration Experts and Practitioners, providing an opportunity for participants to master the qualitative understanding of labour migration governance and protection of migrant workers’ rights through a package of intensive and challenging training courses – distance learning and residential phases to be furthered complemented by a capstone project in one of the fields of expertise covered in the programme.

The scholarships are being offered to national tripartite constituents (3 representatives of the Ministry of Labour, 3 representatives of workers’ organisations, and 3 representatives of employers’ organisations) of each of the 16 SADC countries to obtain the “Diploma for Labour Migration Experts and Practitioners”. In addition, the SAMM project is offering 9 scholarships per Regional Economic Community (SADC, COMESA, IOC): 3 to Ministries of Labour represented at the RECs level, and 3 to Workers’ representation and Employers’ representation each.  In total, SAMM will be able to offer 9 scholarships to each country + 9 to each RECs.

On achieving the Diploma for Labour Migration Experts and Practitioners, successful candidates will gain advanced knowledge in core areas of Labour Migration and cutting-edge skills to design policies, which ensure and optimize governance of Labour Migration, be able to demonstrate the achievement through a recognised certification from the ITCILO; and be part of a growing network of Labour Migration Experts and Practitioners to serve as an ongoing platform for exchange.

The training activities developed under the Diploma emphasizes experiential, results-based, learner centred methodologies such as lectures, discussions, case studies, open discussion, role-play exercises and extensive group work in which learning needs are assessed and matched and aligned with principles and guidance intended to turn learning outcomes into practice under seven main themes:

1. Gender-sensitive labour migration policies and/or strategies regulating labour migration at national and/or regional level;
2. International labour standards, national legislation on the protection of migrant workers and promoting an evidence-based public discourse;
3. Bilateral labour migration agreements (BLMAs) across the region and with third countries;
4. Fair recruitment and decent employment for migrant workers including regulatory legislation on Private Employment Agencies (PEAs), and strengthening of Public Employment Services (PES)’ capacity;
5. Social Security Portability of Benefits for migrant workers;
6. Recognition of qualifications of migrant workers at national and bilateral level, as well as support to Regional Qualifications Frameworks at REC’s level;
7. Labour migration statistics (indicators, module, inclusion in labour market information systems, etc).

Other areas that will be also covered are the following:

8. Labour Migration Administration;
9. Refugees and IDPs’ access to the labour market;
10. Impact of immigration on developing countries’ economies;
11. Reducing Remittances’ transfer cost;
12. The role of migrant workers and the Diaspora in attaining the SDGs.

Johannesburg, 11-13 April 2022 – UNODC in collaboration with the South African Judicial Education Institute convened a Judicial Training Against Trafficking in Persons (TiP) in Johannesburg, South Africa from the 11 to 13 April, which is part of UNODC priorities in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Region in enhancing the capacity of Judicial Officers in the response to human trafficking using victim centred approaches under the joint UNODC-SADC Regional Programme (2013 -2023). The Regional Porgramme aims to support SADC member states to respond to the evolving threats and challenges related to crime, drugs and terrorism in all its manifestations.

The objectives of the training were to strengthen capacity of Judicial officers to effectively address trafficking in persons with a special emphasis on vulnerabilities of victims and the trauma they suffer; strengthen Judicial officers’ understanding of vulnerability and its role in presenting challenges to evidence and using tools that explain psychology and culture with special emphasis on child victims to resolve the evidential challenges and to build the capacity of judicial officers on Sentencing principles on anti-trafficking in persons. Lastly, the workshop also acted to launch the Trafficking in Persons Handbook for Judicial Officers in South Africa.

The training workshop was in line with UNODC Strategic Vision for Africa 2030, which aims to provide innovative ways to support Member States and stakeholders over the next 10 years to strengthen crime prevention, enhance the effectiveness of criminal justice systems, counter organized crime and corruption, promote balanced drug control and improve the rule of law.

In the Southern African Development Community (SADC), one unique trend that stands out in the region is that convictions on human trafficking remain low. However, UNODC has over the years convened Regional Judicial Trainings on Combating Trafficking in Persons for Judges and Magistrates to strengthen the adjudication of cases. As such, the convening of anti-human trafficking trainings for judicial officers remains a key intervention in the response to human trafficking.

During the official opening of the workshop, Mr. Vincent Spera, Consul general, US Embassy to Republic of South Africa said that “Human trafficking is such an important issue for us to work on together. It erodes the rule of law, the safety of communities, the security of borders, and the strength of economies and it transcends borders, so we need a global coalition to confront it”.

Mr. Vincent Spera, Consul general, US Embassy to Republic of South Africa

Meanwhile, Dr. Gomolemo Moshoeu, Chief Executive Officer, South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI), said that “Trafficking in Persons is a very complex and serious human rights issue. Some of the common features of TIP are coercion, deception, slavery or forced labour, etc.  TIP is linked to different crimes like corruption, money laundering, terrorism, and others. The focus is on the profit margin. Adjudication of TIP requires constant refining of skills hence we are here today”. She went on to say that “SAJEI is celebrating 10 years in operation. It comes to mind that 10 years ago I was requested to start the Institute with an empty office, desk and telephone. Today, the Institute has African and international footprint which we are proud”

Dr. Gomolemo Moshoeu, Chief Executive Officer, South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI)

The Judicial training was made possible thanks to technical and financial support of the US Government State Department to Combat Trafficking in Persons (JTIP) and the European Government under the framework of the Southern Africa Migration Management (SAMM) Project